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La radiación ionizante gamma y usos actuales en ciencias agrícolas, oportunidades para los cultivos andinos: Breve revisión
Resumen
El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue revisar el estado del arte sobre los efectos biológicos causados por la radiación ionizante gamma en los vegetales y la evaluación de la radiación como una tecnología de control de infecciones por microorganismos patógenos en cultivos andinos. Los efectos de la radiación gamma se manifiestan a nivel genético y fenotípico, debido a la interacción directa de los fotones con el ADN y las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS). Sin embargo, las plantas son organismos que presentan un nivel de radioresistencia, para ello, activan enzimas antioxidantes para contrarrestar el estrés oxidativo, mantienen estabilidad genómica al ser organismos poliploides, inhiben las mutaciones y reparan el daño en el ADN por recombinación homóloga. Los efectos adversos o benéficos dependen de la tasa de dosis suministrada y las características de las plantas como: especie, estructura de tejido, etapa de desarrollo y el tipo de genoma. Para la revisión de la literatura científica de calidad, se adaptó un algoritmo de minado de artículos en Google Colab Jupyter notebook. En la revisión se ha encontrado que la aplicación de la irradiación gamma en semillas causa efecto mutagénico que estimula el crecimiento, desarrollo, resistencia de enfermedades y condiciones ambientales de estrés. Asimismo, en la aplicación fitosanitaria, resulta una técnica física eficiente por la capacidad de penetración y los efectos no significativos en las cualidades organolépticas-sensoriales de los productos agrícolas que son irradiados contra la infestación por microorganismos patógenos. La irradiación aplicada (0 a 5 kGy), reduce la carga microbiana a límites no detectables, por ello es una técnica con potencial para ser utilizado en la desinfección y conservación durante el almacenamiento de los productos andinos, cultivos con altas cualidades nutricionales.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v6i6.2761
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