Envía por correo este artículo 
Deficiencia de Micronutrientes en Niños Menores de 5 Años: Impacto en el Desarrollo y Métodos de Evaluación
Resumen
La deficiencia de micronutrientes en niños menores de cinco años es un problema de salud pública que afecta el desarrollo físico, cognitivo e inmunológico de millones de niños, especialmente en países en desarrollo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la prevalencia de estas deficiencias, su impacto en el desarrollo infantil, y los métodos de evaluación utilizados para su detección. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y se revisaron estudios publicados entre 2020 y 2024 que reportaron la prevalencia de deficiencias de vitamina A, D, hierro y zinc en diferentes regiones del mundo, destacando la alta incidencia en países de bajos ingresos. Las deficiencias de hierro y vitaminas A y D fueron las más comunes, asociadas con problemas graves como el retraso en el crecimiento, debilitamiento del sistema inmunológico y alteraciones en el desarrollo cognitivo. Los métodos de evaluación utilizados incluyen principalmente pruebas plasmáticas y séricas, como la medición de cobalamina, retinol, zinc y vitamina D, aunque existe una variabilidad significativa en su aplicación. En conclusión, estos resultados destacan la necesidad urgente de implementar estrategias integrales que incluyan programas de suplementación, fortificación alimentaria, y el fortalecimiento de los métodos de diagnóstico para abordar eficazmente las deficiencias de micronutrientes. Mejorar el acceso a estas intervenciones en regiones vulnerables es crucial para garantizar un desarrollo saludable en la infancia y contribuir al bienestar general de las comunidades afectadas, asegurando un futuro más prometedor para los niños en situación de vulnerabilidad.
Palabras clave
Referencias
World Health Organization (WHO). Vol. 1, World Health Organization. 2007 [cited 2024 Aug 21]. p. 1–2 Preventing and controlling micronutrient deficiencies in populations affected by an emergency: Multiple vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women, and for children age 6 to 59 months. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/WHO-WFP-UNICEF-statement-micronutrients-deficiencies-emergency
Organización Mundial de la Salud(OMS). Malnutrición [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition
Santhia I. BioMed Central. 2018 [cited 2024 Aug 21]. Micronutrients in child health, their dietary adequacy in developing countries. Available from: https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/MICH
Gebeye LG, Dessie EY, Yimam JA. Predictors of micronutrient deficiency among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: a machine learning approach. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2024;10. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1277048
Mihret ST, Biset G, Nurye NA. Prevalence of Acute Malnutrition and Associated Factors among Children aged 6-59 months in South Wollo Zone, East Amhara, Northeast Ethiopia: a Community-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2023 Oct;13(10):e062582. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2022-062582
Ogunniyi K, Oyebade A, Atolagbe J. Prevalence and determinants of malnutrition among under-five children in Southwest, Nigeria. Int J Community Med Public Heal [Internet]. 2023 Mar 29;10(4 SE-Original Research Articles):1308–15. Available from: https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/10922
Ramos García S, Gutiérrez A, Cruz J, Díaz A, Corona K, Gómez E, et al. Malnutrición en una población de escolares en Santiago, República Dominicana. Cienc y Salud [Internet]. 2022 May 20 [cited 2023 Dec 21];6(2):85–93. Available from: https://revistas.intec.edu.do/index.php/cisa/article/view/2498/2919
Zhang M, Giloi N, Shen Y, Yu Y, Aza Sherin MY, Lim MC. Prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among children aged 6–24 months under poverty alleviation policy in Shanxi province, China: A cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg [Internet]. 2022;81:104317. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080122010779
Siddiqa M, Zubair A, Kamal A, Ijaz M, Abushal T. Prevalence and associated factors of stunting, wasting and underweight of children below five using quintile regression analysis (PDHS 2017–2018). Sci Rep [Internet]. 2022;12(1):20326. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24063-2
Mosso Ortiz MC, Rea Guamán MR, Beltrán Moso KM, Contreras JI. Prevalencia de desnutrición infantil en menores de tres años en dos cantones de Ecuador. Rev Investig en Salud Univ Boyacá [Internet]. 2021 Jun 25 [cited 2023 Dec 21];8(1):18–32. Available from: https://revistasdigitales.uniboyaca.edu.co/index.php/rs/article/view/613/587
Candela Y. Malnutrición en niños beneficiarios de programas comunitarios en alimentación y nutrición. An Venez Nutr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Dec 21];33(2):123–32. Available from: http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0798-07522020000200123&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
Musa Bin B, Muqadim S, Mirwais K, Asad K, Adlin H, Syed Muhammad Y. Prevalence, level and factors associated with malnutrition in children under-five years of age and their parents’ awareness about children nutrition in Quetta city. Open J Pediatr Child Heal [Internet]. 2021 Jun 5 [cited 2024 Aug 23];6(1):020–5. Available from: https://www.reprodgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-133.php
Tuanama de Peña YT, Villarreal Dávila KM, Fernández Cruzado ABF. Relación del estado nutricional y anemia ferropénica en niños menores de 3 años evaluados en el centro de salud materno infantil el Bosque– La victoria. Rev Cient EPISTEMIA [Internet]. 2020 Nov 16 [cited 2023 Dec 21];4(3):55–68. Available from: https://revistas.uss.edu.pe/index.php/EPT/article/view/1418
Barrera-Dussán N, Ramos-Castañeda JA. Prevalencia de malnutrición en menores de 5 años. Comparación entre parámetros OMS y su adaptación a Colombia. Univ salud [Internet]. 2020 Dec 30 [cited 2023 Nov 17];22(1):91–5. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0124-71072020000100091
Itaka MB, Omole OB. Prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among under 5-year-old children hospitalised in three public hospitals in South Africa. African J Prim Heal Care Fam Med [Internet]. 2020;12(1). Available from: https://phcfm.org/index.php/phcfm/article/view/2444/4375
Xu P, Xu J, Cao W, Yang T, Gan Q, Wang H, et al. Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Children Aged 6 to 17 Years — Western and Central Rural Areas, China, 2012–2021. China CDC Wkly [Internet]. 2024 Jan 19 [cited 2024 Aug 23];6(3):51–5. Available from: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.011
Al-Ajlan BY, Freije A, Allehdan S, Perna S. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Adolescents in the Kingdom of Bahrain [Internet]. Vol. 15, Nutrients. 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030494
Gómez Álvarez AM, Pita Rodríguez GM, Basabe Tuero B, Alfonso Sagué K, Díaz Sánchez ME, Montero Díaz M, et al. Anemia, deficiencia de hierro y factores asociados en niños cubanos de 6 a 59 meses. Rev Cuba Salud Pública [Internet]. 2024;49(3). Available from: https://revsaludpublica.sld.cu/index.php/spu/article/view/16805
Stevens GA, Beal T, Mbuya MNN, Luo H, Neufeld LM, Addo OY, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2022 Nov 1;10(11):e1590–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00367-9
Rutter Z, Lee-kelland R. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in children undergoing autism assessment. Arch Dis Child [Internet]. 2022 Aug 1;107(Suppl 2):A69 LP-A70. Available from: http://adc.bmj.com/content/107/Suppl_2/A69.abstract
Ernawati F, Syauqy A, Arifin AY, Soekatri MYE, Sandjaja S. Micronutrient Deficiencies and Stunting Were Associated with Socioeconomic Status in Indonesian Children Aged 6–59 Months [Internet]. Vol. 13, Nutrients. 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061802
Gungam P, Kadhe G, Shaikh IA. Clinical assessment of micronutrient deficiencies in 2-6 years old children: a survey with pediatricians. Int J Contemp Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 Jan 22 [cited 2024 Aug 23];8(2):255. Available from: https://www.ijpediatrics.com/index.php/ijcp/article/view/3865
Kundu S, Rai B, Shukla A. Prevalence and determinants of Vitamin A deficiency among children in India: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2021;11:100768. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213398421000725
Vreugdenhil M, Akkermans MD, van der Merwe LF, van Elburg RM, van Goudoever JB, Brus F. Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency in Healthy 1-3-Year-Old Children from Three Western European Countries. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Oct;13(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu13113713
Ahsan AK, Tebha SS, Sangi R, Kamran A, Zaidi ZA, Haque T, et al. Zinc Micronutrient Deficiency and Its Prevalence in Malnourished Pediatric Children as Compared to Well-Nourished Children: A Nutritional Emergency. Glob Pediatr Heal [Internet]. 2021;8:2333794X211050316. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2333794X211050316
Pullakhandam R, Agrawal PK, Peter R, Ghosh S, Reddy GB, Kulkarni B, et al. Prevalence of low serum zinc concentrations in Indian children and adolescents: findings from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016–18. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2021;114(2):638–48. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916522003781
Orsango AZ, Habtu W, Lejisa T, Loha E, Lindtjørn B, Engebretsen IMS. Iron deficiency anemia among children aged 2–5 years in southern Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study. PeerJ [Internet]. 2021 Jun 28 [cited 2023 Dec 26];9(e11649). Available from: https://www.cmi.no/publications/7822-iron-deficiency-anemia-among-children-aged-25-years-in-southern-ethiopia
Yisak H, Elmneh R, Taklual W, Ewunetei A, Kefale B. Prevalence and associated factors of clinical vitamin a deficiency among pre-school children 1-5 years of age in rural kebeles in farta district, south gondar zone, Ethiopia: A mixed methods study. J Multidiscip Healthc [Internet]. 2020 Oct 20 [cited 2024 Aug 23];13:1191–201. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-clinical-vitamin-a-deficiency-amo-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH
Zhang H, Li Z, Wei Y, Fu J, Feng Y, Chen D, et al. Status and influential factors of vitamin D among children aged 0 to 6 years in a Chinese population. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2020;20(1):429. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08557-0
Babaniamansour S, Hematyar M, Babaniamansour P, Babaniamansour A, Aliniagerdroudbari E. The Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Children of 1 - 6 Years Old, Tehran, Iran. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2019 Dec 31 [cited 2024 Aug 23];In Press(In Press):95185. Available from: https://brieflands.com/articles/jkums-95185
Panzeri C, Pecoraro L, Dianin A, Sboarina A, Arnone OC, Piacentini G, et al. Potential Micronutrient Deficiencies in the First 1000 Days of Life: The Pediatrician on the Side of the Weakest. Curr Obes Rep [Internet]. 2024 Jun;13(2):338–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13679-024-00554-3
Terefe B, Chekole B. Prevalence of multiple micronutrient powders consumption and its determinants among 6- to 23-month-old children in East Africa: a mixed effect analysis using the recent population based cross sectional national health survey. BMC Nutr [Internet]. 2024;10(1):79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-024-00888-0
Barham R, Tayyem R, Al-Majali L, Al-Khatib B, Al Jawaldeh A. Evaluation of micronutrient and nutritional status among preschool children in Jordan: results from a Nationwide survey. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2024;11(4). Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1423904
Lešić S, Ivanišević Z, Špiljak B, Tomas M, Šoštarić M, Včev A. The Impact of Vitamin Deficiencies on Oral Manifestations in Children [Internet]. Vol. 12, Dentistry Journal. 2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12040109
Sangeeta, Chandra J. Negative Impact of Iron Deficiency Without Anemia on Health of Children and Adolescents. Indian J Pediatr [Internet]. 2024;91(8):767–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-024-05163-5
Fedosov SN, Nexo E. Macro-B12 and Unexpectedly High Levels of Plasma B12: A Critical Review [Internet]. Vol. 16, Nutrients. 2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050648
Sombié OO, Zeba AN, Somé JW, Kazienga A, Grahn M, Tanumihardjo SA, et al. A comparative study on indicators of vitamin A status and risk factors for sensitivity and specificity of the methods to detect vitamin A deficiency. Nutr Metab (Lond) [Internet]. 2023;20(1):49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-023-00768-7
Mustafa A, Shekhar C. Concentration levels of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D and vitamin D deficiency among children and adolescents of India: a descriptive cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 Aug;21(1):334. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12887-021-02803-z
Fletcher A, Forbes A, Svenson N, Wayne Thomas D, Paper and ABS for HGP. Guideline for the laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency in adults (excluding pregnancy) and children. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1;196(3):523–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17900
McDonald CM, Suchdev PS, Krebs NF, Hess SY, Wessells KR, Ismaily S, et al. Adjusting plasma or serum zinc concentrations for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Apr;111(4):927–37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2Fnqz304
McCall SJ, Clark AB, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Myint PK. Plasma Vitamin C Levels: Risk Factors for Deficiency and Association with Self-Reported Functional Health in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Jul;11(7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu11071552
He H, Pan L, Du J, Liu F, Jin Y, Ma J, et al. Body Composition and Serum Total Calcium Were Associated With Blood Pressure Among Children and Adolescents Aged 7–18 in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Pediatr [Internet]. 2019;7. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2019.00411
Yue T, Zhang Q, Li G, Qin H. Global Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies among Children under 5 Years of Age from 2010 to 2019. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Jun;14(13). Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu14132685
Abera L, Dejene T, Laelago T. Prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors in children aged 6–59 months among rural dwellers of damot gale district, south Ethiopia: community based cross sectional study. Int J Equity Health [Internet]. 2017;16(1):111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0608-9
Sanni TA, Adewoye KR, Durowade KA, Elegbede OE, Ipinnimo TM, Aderinwale OA. Feeding Pattern, Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Determinants amongst Primary School Children in Rural and Urban Communities of Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J [Internet]. 2024;31(1). Available from: https://journals.lww.com/npmj/fulltext/2024/31010/feeding_pattern,_prevalence_of_malnutrition_and.4.aspx
Rivadeneira MF, Moncayo AL, Cóndor JD, Tello B, Buitrón J, Astudillo F, et al. High prevalence of chronic malnutrition in indigenous children under 5 years of age in Chimborazo-Ecuador: multicausal analysis of its determinants. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2022;22(1):1977. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14327-x
González-Fernández D, Cousens S, Rizvi A, Chauhadry I, Soofi SB, Bhutta ZA. Infections and nutrient deficiencies during infancy predict impaired growth at 5 years: Findings from the MAL-ED study in Pakistan. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2023;10. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1104654
Awasthi S, Kumar D, Mahdi AA, Agarwal GG, Pandey AK, Parveen H, et al. Prevalence of specific micronutrient deficiencies in urban school going children and adolescence of India: A multicenter cross-sectional study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2022 May 11;17(5):e0267003. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267003
Muliyil DE, Rose A, Senthamizh S V, Chatterjee T, Helan J, Kang G, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Vitamin A Deficiency in Children and Women of Childbearing Age in a Southern Indian Tribal Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J community Med [Internet]. 2019;44(2):162–5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6625259/
Melaku EE, Urgie BM, Tilahun AT, Assefa HK, Abebe AA, Tefera AS. Prevalence of vitamin B 12 deficiency and associated factors among primary school children: North East Ethiopia: multicenter cross-sectional study. J Heal Popul Nutr [Internet]. 2024;43(1):82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00568-6
Gemechu K, Asmerom H, Gedefaw L, Arkew M, Bete T, Adissu W. Anemia prevalence and associated factors among school-children of Kersa Woreda in eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2023;18(3):e0283421. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10038290/
Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wouters HJCM, Heiner-Fokkema MR, van der Klauw MM. The Many Faces of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes [Internet]. 2019 Jun 1;3(2):200–14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v9i9.8280
Enlaces de Referencia
- Por el momento, no existen enlaces de referencia
Polo del Conocimiento
Revista Científico-Académica Multidisciplinaria
ISSN: 2550-682X
Casa Editora del Polo
Manta - Ecuador
Dirección: Ciudadela El Palmar, II Etapa, Manta - Manabí - Ecuador.
Código Postal: 130801
Teléfonos: 056051775/0991871420
Email: polodelconocimientorevista@gmail.com / director@polodelconocimiento.com
URL: https://www.polodelconocimiento.com/
