Envía por correo este artículo 
Desafíos bioéticos y de bioseguridad en el Ecuador durante la pandemia por el covid-19
Resumen
La pandemia desencadenada por la covid-19, inmersa en muchas incertidumbres, genera una serie de conflictos éticos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir para la reflexión sobre estos conflictos y sobre los distintos intereses implicados en el escenario actual. El horizonte del análisis crítico es la bioética global, y el estudio se concentra en Ecuador, donde los problemas de salud derivados de la covid-19 no han sido abordados de forma integrada a la diplomacia internacional. En este país, la oposición simplista entre salud y economía ha servido de base para decisiones estratégicas y medidas de contención del virus. Sin embargo, múltiples son las variables que se deben tener en cuenta, y son necesarias referencias éticas, como la responsabilidad de los agentes políticos en cuanto al desenlace de sus decisiones.
Palabras clave
Referencias
Alarcón RD. (2020). Impacto socio-cultural y mental de la pandemia COVID-19. Rev Per Med Exper Salud Pública., javascript:void(0);.
British Society for Rheumatology. (2021). Recuperado el Abril de 2022, de Principles for COVID-19 vaccination in musculoskeletal and rheumatology for clinicians. : http://www.rheumatology.org.uk/
Chowkwanyun M, Reed AL. . (2020). Racial health disparities and Covid-19 - Caution and context. NEJM, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2012910.
Smith MJ, Silva DS. (2020). Ethics for pandemics beyond influenza: Ebola, drug-resistant tuberculosis, and anticipating future ethical challenges in pandemic preparedness and response.|. Monash Bioeth Rev. , 33(2):13047. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-015-0038-7.
Hoste Seminar web . (Abril de 2020). ESIC 15 (https://esicm-tv.org/webinar3_live_26-acute-kidney-injury-in-covid-19-patients.html).
Hoste Seminar web ESIC 15 april. (2020). ( https://esicm-tv.org/webinar3_live_26-acute-kidney-injury-in-covid-19-patients.html).
Aguirre-Duarte N. . (2020). Can people with asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic COVID-19 infect others?: a systematic review of primarydata. . medRxiv .
Alarcón R . (2020). Perspectivas éticas en el manejo de la pandemia COVID-19 y de su impacto en la salud mental. Rev Neuropsiquiatr, 83(2).
Alberici F, Delbarba E, Manenti C, Econimo L, Valerio F, Pola A, et al. . (Abr. de 2020 ). On behalf of the "Brescia Renal COVID Task Force, Management Of Patients On Dialysis And With Kidney Transplant During SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic In Brescia, Italy. . Kidney Int Rep((En prensa)).
Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. (2020). The proximal origin of Sars-CoV-2. . NatMed , 26:450-2. Disponível: https://go.nature.com/3n9YX0k.
Antinori S, Rech R, Galimberti L, Castelli A, Angeli E, Fossali T, Bernasconi D, Covizzi A, Bonazzetti C, Torre A, Carsana L, Tonello C, Zerbi P, Nebuloni M. ( 2020). nvasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: A diagnostic challenge. Travel Med Infect Dis., 38:101752.
Batlle D y cols. (2020). Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Emerging Evidence of a Distinct Pathophysiology . JASN 31, 202(1380-1383).
Berenguer J., Ryan P., Rodríguez-Baño J., Jarrín I., Carratalà J., Pachón J. . (2020). Characteristics and predictors of death among 4035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain. . Clin Microbiol Infect. , 26.
Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Stowe J, Robertson C, Tessier E et al. (2021). Early effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector vaccine on symptomatic disease, hospitalisations and mortality in older adults in England. medRxiv.
Canadian Rheumatology Association. (2021). Recuperado el Abril de 2022, de Canadian Rheumatology Association recommendation on COVID-19 vaccination in persons with autoimmune rheumatic disease. : http://www.rheum.ca/
Cárdenes-León A, Hernández-Meneses B, Sánchez-Pérez A, Novoa-Medina Jm,Bujanda-MorúnPF, Martín-Lorenzo P. (2020). Síndrome coronario agudo y shock en el contexto de infección aguda por COVID-19. Rev Esp Cardiol. , 73(8)(665-87).
Carriazo S, Kanbay M, Ortiz A. (2020). Kidney disease and electrolytes in COVID-19: more than meets the eye . Clinical Kidney Journal, 13(274, 280).
Carriazo S, Kanbay M, Ortiz A. (2020). Kidney disease and electrolytes in COVID-19: more than meets the eye . Clinical Kidney Journal, 13(274-280).
Casas-Rojo J.M., Antón-Santos J.M., Millán-Núñez-Cortés J., Lumbreras-Bermejo C., Ramos-Rincón J.M., Roy-Vallejo E. (2020). Clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain: results from the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry. . Rev Clin Esp. , 220.
Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias. (2021. ). Enfermedad por coronavirus, COVID-19. . Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad .
Chabla-Inga, Maria Fernanda; Mesa-Cano, Isabel Cristina; Ramírez-Coronel, Andrés Alexis; Jaya-Vásquez, Lilia Carina. (2021). Diabetes como factor de riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes con COVID-19: revisión sistemática. ProQuest, 40(3).
Chan L, Chaudhary K, Saha A, et al. (2020). Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 . JASN 31(https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2020050615).
Cheng H, Jian S, Liu D, Ng T-C, Huang W-T, Lin H-H; Taiwan COVID-19 Outbreak Investigation Team. (2020 ). Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Taiwan and Risk at Different Exposure Periods Before and After Symptom Onset. . JAMA Intern Med.(180(9):1156-63.).
Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. . (2020). Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. . Kidney Int.(97(5):829-38.).
Cheng Y, Luo R, XuW, KunW, Nanhui Z,Meng Z, ZhixiangW, Lei D, JunhuaL,Rui Z,YingY,ShuwangG,Gang. (2020). X:Theincidence, risk factors, and prognosis of acute kidney injury in adult patients with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , 15(1394-1402).
Cheng Y, Luo R, XuW, KunW, Nanhui Z,Meng Z, ZhixiangW, Lei D, JunhuaL,Rui Z,YingY,ShuwangG,Gang. (2020). X:Theincidence, risk factors, and prognosis of acute kidney injury in adult patients with COVID-19. . Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , Cheng Y, Luo R, XuW, KunW, Nanhui Z,Meng Z, ZhixiangW, Lei D, JunhuaL,Rui Z,YingY,ShuwangG,Gang X:Theincidence, risk factors, and prognosis of acute kidney injury in adult patients with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15: 1394¿1402.
Chowell G, Mizumoto K. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic in the USA: what might we expect? Comment. . The Lancet., 395: 0-0.
Ciocca DR, Delgado G. (2017). he reality of scientific research in Latin America; an insider's perspective. . Cell Stress and Chaperones, 22(6):84752. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-017-0815-8.
Cummings M J, Baldwin, MR , Abrams D et al. (2020). Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet , 395(1763-1770).
Cummings M J, Baldwin, MR , Abrams D et al. (2020). Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. . The Lancet , 395, 1763-1770 .
Curtis J., Johnson A.R., Anthony D.D., Arasaratnam R.J., Baden L.R., Bass A.R. (2021). American College of Rheumatology guidance for COVID-19 vaccination in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases – version 1. . Arthritis Rheumatol. .
Da Xu, Hao Zhang, Hai-yi Gong et al. (2020). Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. . Preprints (www.preprints.org).
Davies NG, Jarvis CI; CMMID COVID-19 Working Group, Edmunds WJ, Jewell NP, Diaz-Ordaz K, Keogh RH. (2021). Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7. . Nature.(593(7858):270-4.).
Eduardo Tuta Quintero, Estefania Collazos, Juan Coronado Sarmiento, Juan Pimentel. (2021). Anemia como predictor de severidad en la COVID-19: una revisión exploratoria. Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental, 61.
Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, Thome B, Parker M, Glickman A, et al. (2020). Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of Covid-19. . N Engl J Med. , 382:2049-2055. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsb2005114.
Fernandez, A; Barisani, J; Guetta, J; Bosio, M; Cretcoff, J; Mario, J; Diez, M; Lescano, A; Lucas, L; Fairman, E & Thierer, J. (2020). COVID-19. Su repercusión cardiovascular. Una revisión. Revista argentina de cardiología, 88(3).
Ferrarotti, N., & Jarne, A. (2021). La Bioseguridad ¿Una asignatura académica pendiente?, una revisión en tiempos de COVID. INNOVA UNTREF, 1(7).
Fineberg HV. (2020). Ten weeks to crush the curve. N Engl J Med, 382(17):e37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2007263.
Francisco PabloPeramo-ÁlvarezaMiguel ÁngelLópez-ZúñigabMiguel ÁngelLópez-Ruz. (Octubre de 2021). Secuelas médicas de la COVID-19. Medicina Clínica, 157(8).
Fuentes D et al. (2020). Desafíos bioéticos en el contexto de la pandemia por el COVID-19 en Latinoamérica. Revista Latinoamericana de Bioética, 20(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18359/rlbi.4786.
García-Vidal C., Sanjuan G., Moreno-García E., Puerta-Alcalde P., Garcia-Pouton N., Chumbita M. (2020). Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. . Clin Microbiol Infect. .
Gonzáles, Z; Alarcón, A & Escalona, S. (2021). Daño renal en pacientes con COVID-19. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 40(2).
Gostin LO, Friedman EA, Wetter SA. . (2020). esponding to COVID-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically. Hastings Center Report, 15. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1090.
Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Ramirez SI, Mateus J, Dan JM, ModerbacherCR et al. (2020). Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals. Cell., 181(7)(1489-1501).
Guanche Garcell H. (Mayo de 2020). COVID-19. Un reto para los profesionales de la salud. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas, 17(19(2)).
Guijarro C, Galán I, Martínez-Ponce D, Pérez-Fernández E, Goyanes M, Castilla V et al. (2021). Dramatic drop of new SARS-CoV-2 infections among health care workers after the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. medRxiv, 10.
He X, Lau E, Wu P, et al. . (2020). Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. . Nat Med , 26(672-5.).
Hick JL, Hanfling D, Wynia MK, Pavia AT. (2020). Duty to plan: health care, crisis standards of care, and novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. . NAM Perspectives., Disponible en: https://nam.edu/ duty-to-plan-health-care-crisis-standards-of-care-and-novel-coronavirus-sars-cov-2/ 28/05/2020 .
Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW et al. (2020). Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. . Kidney Int , 98: 209, 218].
Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW et al. (2020). Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. . Kidney Int , 98(209-218).
Holford P, Carr AC, Jovic TH, Ali SR, Whitaker IS, Marik PE, Smith AD. . (2020; 12(12):3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123760 ). Vitamin C—An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-19. . Nutrients. .
Hossain, N. (2020). Immune response in COVID-19: A review. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(11).
Hughes S, Troise O, Donaldson H, Mughal N, Moore LSP. (2020). Bacterial and fungal coinfection among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study in a UK secondary-care setting. Clin Microbiol Infect. , 26(10):1395-1399.
Juan GuillermoVargasaNataliaAvilabDianaHurtadobJorgeCárdenas-RoldáncDianaPeñabGuillermoOrtizd. (Enero- Marzo de 2022). Lesión renal aguda en COVID-19: puesta al día y revisión de la literatura. Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo, 22(1).
Kanavos P, Colville Parkin G, Kamphuis B, Gill J. (2019). Latin America Healthcare System Overview. A comparative analysis of fiscal space in healthcare. . Londres: The London School of Economics and Political Science , http://www.lse.ac.uk/business-and-consultancy/consulting/assets/documents/latin-america-health-care-system-overview-report-english.pdf.
Kellum J, Olivier J, Mulligan G. (2020). Targeting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 . Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 35(1652-1662).
Kellum J, Olivier J, Mulligan G. (2020). Targeting acute kidney injury in COVID-19 Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation . 35, 1652, 1662.
Koehler P, Cornely OA, Böttiger BW, Dusse F, Eichenauer DA, Fuchs F, Hallek M, Jung N, Klein F, Persigehl T, Rybniker J, Kochanek M, Böll B, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A. (2020). COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis. . Mycoses. , 63(6):528-534.
Lescure FX, Bouadma L, Nguyen D, Parisey M, Wicky PH, Behillil S, Gaymard A, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Donati F, Le Hingrat Q, Enouf V, Houhou-Fidouh N, Valette M, Mailles A, Lucet JC, Mentre F, Duval X, Descamps D, Malvy D, Timsit JF, Lina B, van-der-Werf S. (2020). Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series. . Lancet Infect Dis. , 20(6):697-706.
Levin S. (2020). Pandemia por coronavirus: inequidades, infamias y claudicaciones. Buenos Aires: Asociación de Psiquiatras Argentinos.
Li-sheng Wang , Yi-ru Wang , Da-wei Ye , Qing-quan Liu. (Mar de 2020 ). A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. . Int J Antimicrob Agents. (105948. (En prensa)).
Liu , Li , Xu. (2020. ). Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. .
Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rocklöv J. . (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. . J Travel Med. (27(2):taaa021. ).
Marklund, E. (2020 ). Respuestas de IgG en suero al SARS-CoV-2 después de una infección leve y grave por COVID-19 y análisis de pacientes que no responden a IgG. 15 (10): e0241104.
Mayo Clinic. (2022). Recuperado el Marzo de 2022, de Tipos de vacunas: https://www.mayoclinic.org/es-es/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465
Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ . (Mar de 2020 ). COVID 19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. . Lancet. (395(10229):1033-4).
Meijer EFJ, Dofferhoff ASM, Hoiting O, Buil JB, Meis JF. . ( 2020). Azole-Resistant COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report. J Fungi (Basel)., 6(2):79.
Menter T, Haslbauer J, Nienhold R et al. (2020). l Post-mortem examination of COVID19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings of lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction Histopathology. ( https:/doi.org/10.1111/his.14134).
Menter T, Haslbauer J, Nienhold R et al. (2021). l Post-mortem examination of COVID19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings of lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction Histopathology.
Michelle Parra, E. C. (Diciembre de 2020). Evolucion de la COVID - 19 en Ecuador. Investigacion & Desarrollo, 13(1).
Nasir N, Farooqi J, Mahmood SF, Jabeen K. . (2020). COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in patients admitted with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: An observational study from Pakistan. Mycoses. , 63(8):766-770.
Nordling L. (2020). “A ticking time bomb”: scientists worry about coronavirus spread in Africa. Science, Disponível: https://bit.ly/3ik78n7.
Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Paim Kessler FH. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. . Braz J Psychiatry., 42(3):232-235. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008 .
Peach E., Rutter M., Lanyon P., Grainge M.J., Hubbard R., Aston J. (2021). Risk of death among people with rare autoimmune diseases compared to the general population in England during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. . Rheumatology (Oxford) , 60(1902-1909).
Pericás JM. (2020). Authoritarianism and the threat of infectious disease. . Lancet. , 395: 1111-1112.
Pollán M, Pérez-Gómez B, Pastor-Barriuso R, Oteo J, HernánMA, Pérez-Olmeda M, et al. . (2020). ENE-COVID Study Group. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study. Lancet. , S0140-6736(20)(31483-5.).
RaquelLópez-ReyesaGraceOsculloabDavidJiménezcdeIreneCanocAlbertoGarcía-Ortega. (Enero de 2021). Riesgo trombótico y COVID-19: revisión de la evidencia actual para una mejor aproximación diagnóstica y terapéutica. Archivos de Bronconeumología, 57(1).
Ronco C, Reis T, Husain -Syed F. (2020). Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med , 8(738-742).
Rose S. . (2020). Medical Student education in the time of COVID-19. JAMA. , doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5227 .
Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. (May de 2020 ). Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med.(46(5):846-8).
Rutsaert L, Steinfort N, Van Hunsel T, Bomans P, Naesens R, Mertes H, Dits H, Van Regenmortel N. (2020). COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Ann Intensive Care, 10(1):71.
Sánchez, A; Miranda, C; Castillo, C; Arellano, N & Tixe, T. (Mayo - Agosto de 2021). Covid-19: fisiopatología, historia natural y diagnóstico. Revista Eugenio Espejo, 15(2).
Santana MF, P. G.-d.-S.-S. (2020). Confirmed Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and COVID-19: the value of postmortem findings to support antemortem management. . Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. , 53:e20200401.
Santana MF, Pivoto G, Alexandre MAA, Baía-da-Silva DC, Borba MGDS, Val FA, Brito-Sousa JD, Melo GC, Monteiro WM, Souza JVB, Pinheiro SB, Ferreira LCL, Naveca FG, Nascimento VA, Corado ALG, Hajjar LA, Silva Neto JR, Siva GAV, Pasqualotto AC, Lacerda MVG. (2020). Confirmed Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and COVID-19: the value of postmortem findings to support antemortem management. . Rev Soc Bras Med Trop., 53:e20200401.
SER . (2021). Recuperado el Abril de 2022, de Sociedad Española de Reumatología: https://www.ser.es/comunicado-de-la-ser-sobe-la-vacunacion-para-la-covid-19-en-pacientes-con-enfermedades-autoinmunes-sistemicas-eas/
Shailesh-Kumar P, Singha R, Ranab J, Tiwaric R, Natesand S, Harapane H, et al. (2020). The kidney and COVID-19 patients. Important considerations. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. , 37(101831).
Smith K, Ostinelli E, Cipriani A. (2020). Covid-19 and mental health: A transformational opportunity to apply an evidence-based approach to clinical practice and research. Evid Based Ment Health, 23(2):45-46. DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2020-300155.
Strangfeld A.S., Schafer M., Gianfrancesco M.A., Lawson-Tovey S., Liew J.W., Ljung L. (2021). Factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic diseases: results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis.
Su H,Yang M, Wan C et al. (2020 ). Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China . Kidney International , 98, 219,227.
Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B. (Feb de 2020 ). Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. ( (En prensa)).
Tagarro A, Epalza C, Santos M, Sanz-Santaeuremia FJ, Otheo E, Moraleda C, et al. (2020). Screening and severity of COVID-19 in children in Madrid, Spain. . JAMA Pediatr (e201346.).
Tang Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Xu Z, Ji J and Wen C. (2020). Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: The Current Evidence and Treatment Strategies. . Front. Immunol., 11(1708).
Teresa Nebreda-Mayoral,a,⁎ María Antonia Miguel-Gómez,a Gabriel Alberto March-Rosselló,a Lucía Puente-Fuertes,a Elena Cantón-Benito,a Ana María Martínez-García,a Ana Belén Muñoz-Martín,b and Antonio Orduña-Domingo. (2020). Infección bacteriana/fúngica en pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel de Castilla y León, España. US National Library of Medicine.
Tsai J, Wilson M. . (2020). COVID-19: a potential public health problem for homeless populations. Lancet Public Health, 20: 30053-300560. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30053-0.
Valizadeh R, B. A. (06 de 2020). Nefropatía por coronavirus; afectación renal en COVID-19. J Renal Inj Prev. , 9(18).
Van Arkel ALE, Rijpstra TA, Belderbos HNA, van Wijngaarden P, Verweij PE, Bentvelsen RG. (2020). COVID-19-associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. , 202(1):132-135.
Van Someren Gréve F, du Long R, Talwar R, Beurskens CJP, Voerman HJ, van Dijk K. . ( 2021). Proven Fatal Invasive Aspergillosis in a Patient with COVID-19 and Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. J Fungi., 7(3):230.
Van-Dorn A, Cooney RE, Sabin ML. . (2020). COVID-19 exacerbating inequalities in the US. Lancet., 395: 1243-244. .
Vasileiou E, Simpson CR, Robertson C, Shi T, Kerr S, Agrawall U. et al. (Febrero de 2021). Effectiveness of First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Hospital Admissions in Scotland: National Prospective Cohort Study of 5.4 Million People . SSRN, 19.
Vigo D, Patten S, Pajer K, Krausz M, Taylor S, Rush B, et al. (2020). Mental Health of communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. . Canad J Psychiatry. , DOI: 10.1177/0706743720926676.
Wang J, Yang Q, Zhang P, Sheng J, Zhou J, Qu T. (2020). Clinical characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: a retrospective case series. . Crit Care. , 24(1):299.
White AIR. (2020). Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia. Lancet, 395: 1250-251. .
Wichmann D et al. (2020). Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study . Ann Intern Med. (DOI: 10.7326/M20-2003).
Wichmann D et al. (2020.). Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study . Ann Intern Med. .
Xiu-wu Pan, D. X.-h.-g. (2020 de 03). Identificación de un mecanismo potencial de lesión renal aguda durante el brote de COVID-19: un estudio basado en el análisis del transcriptoma unicelular. Springer.
Yan-Rong, G. (2020 ). El origen, la transmisión y las terapias clínicas del brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): una actualización del estado. Google Académico, 2(4).
Yichun Cheng1, 2. R. (05 de 2020). La enfermedad renal se asocia con la muerte hospitalaria de pacientes con COVID-19. KINDEY INTERNATIONAL, 97(05).
Zhang W, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao W, Xue Q, Peng M, ET AL. (2020). Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. . PPS. Karger Publishers, 19. Disponible en: Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1159/000507639.
Zhou F., Yu T., Du R., Fan G., Liu Y., Liu Z. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. . Lancet. , 395(10229)(1054–1062).
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al. . (s.f.).
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W et al. . (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. NAT, 579:270-3. .
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J et al. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med , 382:727-33.
Zhu X, Ge Y, Wu T, Zhao K, Chen Y, Wu B, Zhu F, Zhu B, Cui L. . (2020). Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases. . Virus Res. , 285:198005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v8i1.5125
Enlaces de Referencia
- Por el momento, no existen enlaces de referencia
Polo del Conocimiento
Revista Científico-Académica Multidisciplinaria
ISSN: 2550-682X
Casa Editora del Polo
Manta - Ecuador
Dirección: Ciudadela El Palmar, II Etapa, Manta - Manabí - Ecuador.
Código Postal: 130801
Teléfonos: 056051775/0991871420
Email: polodelconocimientorevista@gmail.com / director@polodelconocimiento.com
URL: https://www.polodelconocimiento.com/
