Efecto de Colletotrichum falcatum en los parámetros productivos de caña de azúcar, revisión integral y estrategias de manejo
Resumen
La caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) es un cultivo estratégico para la producción de azúcar, bioetanol y energía, pero su rendimiento se ve severamente afectado por enfermedades como la podredumbre roja, causada por el hongo C. falcatum. Esta revisión integra evidencia científica reciente (2010-2024) sobre el impacto de C. falcatum en parámetros productivos, fisiológicos y económicos de la caña de azúcar, así como las estrategias de manejo disponibles.
Los estudios analizados demuestran que la enfermedad reduce el rendimiento en un 20-50% en variedades susceptibles, afectando la calidad del jugo con pérdidas de 15-25% en sacarosa y aumentando la fibra. Además, altera procesos fisiológicos clave, como la fotosíntesis (-40%) y el crecimiento de los tallos. Factores como humedad elevada (>80%) y temperaturas entre 25-30°C favorecen la proliferación del patógeno.
Entre las estrategias de control, destacan: El uso de variedades resistentes (ej., RB867515, Co 0238), aplicación de fungicidas (triazoles y estrobilurinas), aunque con riesgos de resistencia, prácticas culturales (rotación de cultivos y eliminación de residuos), y agentes de control biológico (Trichoderma harzianum).
Se identifican brechas críticas, como la necesidad de investigar mecanismos moleculares de infección y optimizar modelos de predicción basados en clima. La revisión concluye que un enfoque integrado, combinando resistencia genética, manejo agronómico y herramientas biotecnológicas, es esencial para mitigar las pérdidas económicas (estimadas en USD 500-1000/ha) y garantizar la sostenibilidad del cultivo.
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Referencias
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v10i7.9889
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