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Análisis de las principales tecnologías para el aprovechamiento de los residuos madereros
Resumen
La madera es un recurso renovable con propiedades destacadas, pero su creciente uso genera grandes cantidades de residuos, requiriendo soluciones sostenibles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar las principales tecnologías para aprovechar los residuos madereros. La revisión bibliográfica se realizó mediante la metodología PRISMA. La trituración permite obtener partículas de tamaño homogéneo, desde 1600 mm hasta 0 mm, adecuadas para aplicaciones industriales. La paletización mejora las propiedades de los residuos, alcanzando densidades de hasta 780 kg/m³ y poderes caloríficos de 19507 kJ/kg. La torrefacción produce biocarbones con valores energéticos de hasta 29,7 MJ/kg y un 52% de carbono fijo. La pirólisis genera biochar (25-35%), bio-aceite (37-44%) y gas no condensable (25-34%). La gasificación produce gas de síntesis con rendimientos de hasta 86,14% de conversión de carbono y 0,94 m³/kg de gas. La hidrólisis enzimática permite obtener hasta 51 g/L de bioetanol con una conversión del 91% de celulosa a etanol. El compostaje enriquece nutrientes como el nitrógeno (2,45%), y la digestión anaeróbica incrementa la producción de metano en un 75,8%. Los residuos madereros se pueden triturar, compactar, gasificar, pirolizar para obtener energía, hidrolizar y fermentar para producir bioetanol, y compostar y digerir anaeróbicamente para generar compost y biogás.
Palabras clave
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v9i7.7503
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